De?ned as the triad of liver disease, pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities leading to arterial deoxygenation, and evidence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (Krowka 2000)
A relationship between the liver and the lung was ? rst noted by Fluckiger (1884) based on his observation of a woman with cirrhosis, cyanosis, and clubbed digits
Kennedy and Knudson (1997) described ‘hepatopulmonary syndrome’ as a clinicopathological entity